National Innovation Systems and the Sustainable Development Goals in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review of Pathways, Gaps, and Policy Interfaces
Abstract
In Sub-Saharan Africa, national innovation systems are increasingly cited as instruments for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, but evidence on their effectiveness and coherence remains fragmented. Analysing 161 studies published between 2020 and 2025, this review finds that while national innovation systems are widely promoted in development policy, its integration into SDG strategies remains limited and inconsistent. Most contributions are focused on agriculture, energy, health, and education but lack system-wide coordination, monitoring, and long-term support. Only a few countries have aligned innovation policies with SDG implementation plans. Institutional fragmentation, weak evaluation frameworks, and regional research imbalances continue to hinder progress. The review recommends adopting modular innovation sub-systems, improving policy–SDG alignment, investing in monitoring systems, and expanding support for cross-sector and regional research collaboration. Strengthening the NIS–SDG interface is essential for building inclusive, responsive, and sustainable development pathways in the region.
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