The Cosmological Revolution in the Modern Era

Abstract

his study examines the cosmological revolution that transformed astronomy during the Modern Era and highlights its decisive role in reshaping European scientific thought from the Renaissance onward. It emphasizes the pioneering contributions of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo in overturning the Aristotelian–Ptolemaic geocentric model and establishing a new scientific worldview based on heliocentrism, systematic observation, experimentation, and the mathematical formulation of natural laws. The paper argues that this revolution extended far beyond astronomy, constituting an epistemological break with theological and metaphysical interpretations while laying the foundations of the modern scientific method grounded in reason, empirical evidence, and mathematical quantification. It concludes that the cosmological revolution fundamentally redefined the concept of scientific truth, reinforced the autonomy of scientific knowledge from traditional intellectual authority, and became one of the most significant turning points in the history of modern science, providing the philosophical and methodological foundations of classical physics and the modern scientific conception.