Practical Reasoning, or the Reason of Practice

Abstract

This paper examines the concept of practical reasoning (ta‘aqqul) in Al-Farabi’s philosophy as a foundational principle of practical reason that bridges theoretical knowledge and ethical action. It argues that Al-Farabi reinterprets the Aristotelian concept of phronesis within an Islamic philosophical framework, presenting practical reasoning as the intellectual virtue that enables individuals to deliberate wisely, distinguish good from evil, and pursue the common good. The study demonstrates that practical reasoning extends beyond abstract rationality by integrating ethical judgment with political and social practice. It further highlights Al-Farabi’s classification of practical reasoning into domestic, civic, and human dimensions, each contributing to the organization of social life and the attainment of human happiness. The paper concludes that the contemporary crisis lies not in the absence of reason but in the dominance of instrumental rationality. Consequently, Al-Farabi’s conception of practical reasoning offers an ethical alternative that reconnects reason with virtue, dialogue, justice, and coexistence, thereby providing a philosophical framework for promoting human dignity, social harmony, and responsible public life.