Cultural Kaleidoscope: Scrutinizing and Unveiling the Cultural Content of the Algerian EFL Baccalaureate Examinations
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Published:
Jun 1, 2025
Keywords:
Cultural Content, Target Culture, Source Culture, International Culture, Culture-Free Content, English As A Foreign Language, EFL Reading Passages, Language Testing, High-Stakes Examination, BAC Exams, Content Analysis
Main Article Content
Abstract
The intersection of language and culture in educational practices, mainly testing, is a critical area of exploration. This study delves into the cultural manifestations within the English as Foreign Language (EFL) Baccalaureate (BAC) exam reading materials spanning from 2008 to 2023, focusing on literary and philosophy, as well as literary and foreign languages streams. The research aims to determine the extent of cultural representation and identify dominant cultural categories, as well as to analyze the prevailing themes in Big “C” and Small “c” culture across source, international, target, and culture-free contexts. To attain the set aims, a qualitative content analysis is employed. Particularly, the study involves analyzing 64 BAC exams from specified streams to discern patterns of cultural representation. Cortazzi and Jin’s (1999) cultural categories, Aliakbari’s (2004) concept of neutral culture, Xiao’s (2010) analysis criteria for cultural content form the analytical framework and guide the systematic examination of cultural references within the exam materials. For the process of organizing, coding, quantifying, and analyzing data to identify dominant cultural categories and prevalent cultural themes, NVivo software is used. The results reveal that international culture predominantly influences the content, followed respectively by target culture, source culture, and culture- free elements. Additionally, Big “C” culture themes are prevalent across the materials. These findings urge the need for a balanced representation of cultural content to foster a global perspective, contextualize language nuances, recognize cultural identity, and mitigate potential biases. Ultimately, this research contributes to curriculum development and teaching practices in EFL contexts, emphasizing the significance of cultural inclusivity and awareness in language education and testing.
Article Details
How to Cite
LAHMAR, A., & KOUICEM, K. (2025). Cultural Kaleidoscope: Scrutinizing and Unveiling the Cultural Content of the Algerian EFL Baccalaureate Examinations. ALTRALANG Journal, 7(1), 379-400. https://doi.org/10.52919/altralang.v7i1.548
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References
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• Imai, M., Kanero, J., & Masuda, T. (2016). The relation between language, culture, and thought. Current Opinion in Psychology, 8, 70–77.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.10.011
• Jenkins, J. (2009). English as a Lingua Franca: interpretations and attitudes. World Englishes, 28(2), 200–207.
• Jiang, W. (2000). The relationship between culture and language. ELT Journal, 54(4), 328–334. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/54.4.328
• Khan, I. (2016). Local Culture in the Foreign Language Classrooms: An Exploratory Study of Teacher’s Preparedness in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research.
• Khuwaileh, A. A. (2000). Cultural barriers of language teaching: A case study of classroom cultural obstacles. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 13(3), 281–290. https://doi.org/10.1076/0958-8221(200007)13:3;1-3;ft281
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• Kroeber, A. L., & Kluckhohn, C. (1952). Culture: a critical review of concepts and definitions. Papers. Peabody Museum of Archaeology & Ethnology, Harvard University, 47(1), viii, 223.
• Krulatz, A., & Christison, M. (2023). Multilingual approach to diversity in education (MADE): A methodology for linguistically and culturally diverse classrooms (1st ed.). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17335-6
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• Larson, D. N., & Smalley, W. A. (1972). Becoming bilingual: A guide to language learning. Practical Anthropology.
• Lee, K.-Y. (2009). Treating culture: what 11 high school EFL conversation textbooks in South Korea. English Teaching: Practice and Critique, 8, 76–96.
• Messerehi, M. (2014). The Teaching of English Culture in Algerian Secondary Schools: The Case of Second Year Classes.
https://www.awej.org/images/AllIssues/Volume5/Volume5Number1March2014/14.pdf
• Marchant, G. (2004). What is at Stake with High Stakes Testing? A Discussion of Issues and Research1. Ohio Journal of Science, 104, 2–7.
• Matsuda, A. (2003). Incorporating world Englishes in teaching English as an international language. TESOL Quarterly, 37(4), 719.https://doi.org/10.2307/3588220
• McKay, S. L. (2018). English As an International Language: What It Is and What It Means For Pedagogy. RELC Journal, 49(1), 9-23. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688217738817
• Merdassi, N., & Baghzou, S. (2021). Cultural representation in EFL textbooks:, an analysis of my book of English year four for middle schools in Algeria. مجلة دراسات وأبحاث, 251. https://doi.org/10.35157/0578-013-002-074
• Moretti, F., van Vliet, L., Bensing, J., Deledda, G., Mazzi, M., Rimondini, M., Zimmermann, C., & Fletcher, I. (2011). A standardized approach to qualitative content analysis of focus group discussions from different countries. Patient Education and Counseling, 82(3), 420–428.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2011.01.005
• Muskin, J. A. (2015). Student Learning Assessment and the Curriculum: issues and implication for policy, design, and implementation. IBE Unesco International Bureau of Education.
• Niżegorodcew, A. (2011). Understanding Culture Through a Lingua Franca. In Aspects of Culture in Second Language Acquisition and Foreign Language Learning (pp. 7–20). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
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• Rachmawati, I. (2020). Language and culture in multicultural society of English language course: A case study of sociolinguistics. NOBEL: Journal of Literature and Language Teaching, 11(1), 55–68.https://doi.org/10.15642/nobel.2020.11.1.55-68
• Rajabi, S., & Ketabi, S. (2012). Aspects of cultural elements in prominent English textbooks for EFL setting. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 2(4).https://doi.org/10.4304/tpls.2.4.705-712
• Risager, K. (2007). Language and culture pedagogy: From a national to a transnational paradigm. Multilingual Matters.
• Rouaghe, F., & Bouguebs, R. (2023). The cultural content represented in the middle school EFL course: Target, international, and source. ALTRALANG Journal, 5(01), 377–397. https://doi.org/10.52919/altralang.v5i01.295
• Saville-Troike, M. (1975). Teaching English as a second culture. In R. Crymes & W. Norris (Eds.), ON TESOL 74 (pp. 83–94). TESOL.
• Schreier, M. (2012). Qualitative Content Analysis in Practice. SAGE Publications Ltd.
• Setyono, B., & Widodo, H. P. (2019). The representation of multicultural values in the Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture-Endorsed EFL textbook: a critical discourse analysis. Intercultural Education, 30(4), 383–397. https://doi.org/10.1080/14675986.2019.1548102
• Selougui, S. (2019). The cultural content of Algerian EFL textbooks: Stakeholders’ perspectives. University of the West of Scotland.
• Tylor, Edward B. (1871). Primitive Culture: Researches into the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Language, Art, and Customs. Cambridge University Press.
• Teixeira, A. N. (2009). A produção televisiva do crime violento na modernidade tardia. 242. Retrieved from : http://hdl.handle.net/10183/16220
• Tomalin, B., & Stempleski, S. (1993). Cultural Awareness. Hong Kong. Oxford University Press.
• Tomlinson, C. A. (2005). Grading and differentiation: Paradox or good practice? Theory into Practice, 44(3), 262–269.https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip4403_11
• van de Vijver, F., & Tanzer, N. K. (2004). Bias and equivalence in cross-cultural assessment: an overview. Revue Europeenne de Psychologie Appliquee [European Review of Applied Psychology], 54(2), 119–135.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erap.2003.12.004
• Weir, C. J. (2005). Limitations of the Common European Framework for developing comparable examinations and tests. Language Testing, 22(3), 281–300. https://doi.org/10.1191/0265532205lt309oa
• Wijaya-Mahardika, I. G. N. A. (2018). Incorporating local culture in English teaching material for undergraduate students. SHS Web of Conferences, 42, 00080. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20184200080
• Xiao, J. (2010). Cultural contents of an in-use EFL textbook and English Major Students’ attitudes and perceptions toward culture learning at Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, China. Unpublished master’s thesis, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand.
• Yeganeh, M. T., & Raeesi, H. (2015). Developing cultural awareness in EFL classrooms at secondary school level in an Iranian educational context. Procedia, Social and Behavioral Sciences, 192, 534–542.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.06.084
• Yesil, S., & Demiröz, H. (2017). An Exploration of English Language Teachers' Perceptions of Culture Teaching and Its Effects on Students' Motivation. International Journal of Progressive Education, 13(1), pp. 79-95.
• Yusniawati, N. L. P. I., & Lestari, Y. B. (2021). The potential of local culture in English language teaching (ELT): A response paper to domination of English material in ELT. Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Conference on Education and Social Science (ACCESS 2020). https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210525.098
• Aliakbari, M. (2004).The place of culture in the Iranian ELT textbooks in high school level. The proceedings of the 9th Conference of Pan-Pacific Association of Applied Linguistics; Aug 2004 19- 20; Seoul, Korea. Tokyo: Waseda University Media Mix Corp.
• Alptekin, C. (2002). Towards intercultural communicative competence in ELT. ELT Journal, 56(1), 57–64. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/56.1.57
• Alshenqeeti, H. (2020). Representation of culture in EFL textbooks and learners’ preference. Pedagogy : Journal of English Language Teaching, 7(2), 127.https://doi.org/10.32332/pedagogy.v7i2.1647
• American Psychological Association. (2000, September 15). Appropriate use of high-stakes testing in our nation's schools. https://www.apa.org/topics/schools-classrooms/high-stakes-testing
• Atkinson, D. (1999). TESOL and Culture. TESOL Quarterly, 33(4), 625. https://doi.org/10.2307/3587880
• Azkiyah, S. N., & Setiono, D. P. (2017). The Representation of Culture in English Reading Passages of Senior High School National Examination in Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.2991/icems-17.2018.14
• Byram, M. (1997). Teaching and assessing intercultural communicative competence. netLibrary.
• Bennett, J., Bennett, M., & Allen, W. (2003). Developing intercultural competence in the language classroom. In D. L. M. Lange R (Ed.), Intercultural communicative language culture at the core: Perspectives on culture in teaching (ICLT): Implications for effective teaching second language learning (pp. 237–270). Information Age Publishing.
• Brown, H. D. (2000). Principles and language learning and teaching (4th ed.). White Plains, NY: Addison Wesley Longman.
• Canagarajah, S. (2007). Lingua Franca English, multilingual communities, and language acquisition. Modern Language Journal, 91(s1), 923–939.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.2007.00678.x
• Chen, B. B. (2004). A survey on cultural learning and its variables analysis. Xi’an. Journal of Xi’an International Studies University, 12(3), 21–24.
• Cizek, G. J. (2001). More unintended consequences of high‐stakes testing. Educational Measurement Issues and Practice, 20(4), 19–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-3992.2001.tb00072.x
• Cortazzi, M., & Jin, L. (1999). Cultural Mirrors. In J.M. Valdes (ed.), Culture Bound. Bridging the Cultural Gap in language Teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge
• Crystal, D (2003). English as a global language. (2nd ed. First ed., 1997), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Cunningsworth, A. (1995). Choosing your coursebook. Macmillan Heinemann English Language Teaching.
• Dehda, N., & Hocine, N. (2020). Evaluating the cultural content of Algerian EFL textbooks: the case of EFL textbooks for middle school pupils. مجلة علوم اللغة العربية وآدابها, 12(2), 2051-2065. https://www.asjp.cerist.dz/en/article/127274
• Dema, O., & Moeller, A. J. (2012). Teaching culture in the 21st century language classroom. In T. Sildus (Ed.), Touch the world (pp. 75-91). Crown Prints.
• Downe-Wamboldt, B. (1992). Content analysis: Method, applications, and issues. Health Care for Women International, 13(3), 313–321.https://doi.org/10.1080/07399339209516006
• Eagleton, T. (2016). Culture. Yale University Press.
• Gass, S. M., & Reed, D. (2011). English language teaching: A case study of test development in Greece. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
• Gass, Susan M., Behney, J., Plonsky, L., & Selinker, L. (2008). Second Language Acquisition. Routledge.
• Geertz, C. (1973). The interpretation of cultures; selected essays. Basic Books.
• Gong, Y. F., Lai, C., & Gao, X. A. (2022). Language teachers’ identity in teaching intercultural communicative competence. Language Culture and Curriculum, 35(2), 134–150. https://doi.org/10.1080/07908318.2021.1954938
• Harumi, I. (2002). A new framework of culture teaching for teaching English as a global language. RELC Journal, 33(2), 36–57.https://doi.org/10.1177/003368820203300202
• Hofstede, G., & Bond, M. H. (1984). Hofstede's culture dimensions: An independent validation using Rokeach's Value Survey. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 15(4), 417–433. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002184015004003
• House, J. (2008). What is an ‘intercultural speaker’? In E. A. Soler & M. S. Jordà (Eds.), Intercultural language use and language learning (pp. 7-21). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5639-0_1
• Imai, M., Kanero, J., & Masuda, T. (2016). The relation between language, culture, and thought. Current Opinion in Psychology, 8, 70–77.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.10.011
• Jenkins, J. (2009). English as a Lingua Franca: interpretations and attitudes. World Englishes, 28(2), 200–207.
• Jiang, W. (2000). The relationship between culture and language. ELT Journal, 54(4), 328–334. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/54.4.328
• Khan, I. (2016). Local Culture in the Foreign Language Classrooms: An Exploratory Study of Teacher’s Preparedness in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research.
• Khuwaileh, A. A. (2000). Cultural barriers of language teaching: A case study of classroom cultural obstacles. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 13(3), 281–290. https://doi.org/10.1076/0958-8221(200007)13:3;1-3;ft281
• Kramsch, C. (1993). Context and culture in language teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Kramsch, C. (1998). Language and culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Kroeber, A. L., & Kluckhohn, C. (1952). Culture: a critical review of concepts and definitions. Papers. Peabody Museum of Archaeology & Ethnology, Harvard University, 47(1), viii, 223.
• Krulatz, A., & Christison, M. (2023). Multilingual approach to diversity in education (MADE): A methodology for linguistically and culturally diverse classrooms (1st ed.). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17335-6
• Kyngäs, H., Kääriäinen, M., & Elo, S. (2020). The trustworthiness of content analysis. In The Application of Content Analysis in Nursing Science Research (pp. 41–48). Springer International Publishing.
• Larson, D. N., & Smalley, W. A. (1972). Becoming bilingual: A guide to language learning. Practical Anthropology.
• Lee, K.-Y. (2009). Treating culture: what 11 high school EFL conversation textbooks in South Korea. English Teaching: Practice and Critique, 8, 76–96.
• Messerehi, M. (2014). The Teaching of English Culture in Algerian Secondary Schools: The Case of Second Year Classes.
https://www.awej.org/images/AllIssues/Volume5/Volume5Number1March2014/14.pdf
• Marchant, G. (2004). What is at Stake with High Stakes Testing? A Discussion of Issues and Research1. Ohio Journal of Science, 104, 2–7.
• Matsuda, A. (2003). Incorporating world Englishes in teaching English as an international language. TESOL Quarterly, 37(4), 719.https://doi.org/10.2307/3588220
• McKay, S. L. (2018). English As an International Language: What It Is and What It Means For Pedagogy. RELC Journal, 49(1), 9-23. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033688217738817
• Merdassi, N., & Baghzou, S. (2021). Cultural representation in EFL textbooks:, an analysis of my book of English year four for middle schools in Algeria. مجلة دراسات وأبحاث, 251. https://doi.org/10.35157/0578-013-002-074
• Moretti, F., van Vliet, L., Bensing, J., Deledda, G., Mazzi, M., Rimondini, M., Zimmermann, C., & Fletcher, I. (2011). A standardized approach to qualitative content analysis of focus group discussions from different countries. Patient Education and Counseling, 82(3), 420–428.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2011.01.005
• Muskin, J. A. (2015). Student Learning Assessment and the Curriculum: issues and implication for policy, design, and implementation. IBE Unesco International Bureau of Education.
• Niżegorodcew, A. (2011). Understanding Culture Through a Lingua Franca. In Aspects of Culture in Second Language Acquisition and Foreign Language Learning (pp. 7–20). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
• NVivo. (2022, November 9). Lumivero. https://lumivero.com/products/nvivo/
• Peterson, B. (2004). Cultural intelligence: A guide to working with people from other cultures. Intercultural Press.
• Rachmawati, I. (2020). Language and culture in multicultural society of English language course: A case study of sociolinguistics. NOBEL: Journal of Literature and Language Teaching, 11(1), 55–68.https://doi.org/10.15642/nobel.2020.11.1.55-68
• Rajabi, S., & Ketabi, S. (2012). Aspects of cultural elements in prominent English textbooks for EFL setting. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 2(4).https://doi.org/10.4304/tpls.2.4.705-712
• Risager, K. (2007). Language and culture pedagogy: From a national to a transnational paradigm. Multilingual Matters.
• Rouaghe, F., & Bouguebs, R. (2023). The cultural content represented in the middle school EFL course: Target, international, and source. ALTRALANG Journal, 5(01), 377–397. https://doi.org/10.52919/altralang.v5i01.295
• Saville-Troike, M. (1975). Teaching English as a second culture. In R. Crymes & W. Norris (Eds.), ON TESOL 74 (pp. 83–94). TESOL.
• Schreier, M. (2012). Qualitative Content Analysis in Practice. SAGE Publications Ltd.
• Setyono, B., & Widodo, H. P. (2019). The representation of multicultural values in the Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture-Endorsed EFL textbook: a critical discourse analysis. Intercultural Education, 30(4), 383–397. https://doi.org/10.1080/14675986.2019.1548102
• Selougui, S. (2019). The cultural content of Algerian EFL textbooks: Stakeholders’ perspectives. University of the West of Scotland.
• Tylor, Edward B. (1871). Primitive Culture: Researches into the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Language, Art, and Customs. Cambridge University Press.
• Teixeira, A. N. (2009). A produção televisiva do crime violento na modernidade tardia. 242. Retrieved from : http://hdl.handle.net/10183/16220
• Tomalin, B., & Stempleski, S. (1993). Cultural Awareness. Hong Kong. Oxford University Press.
• Tomlinson, C. A. (2005). Grading and differentiation: Paradox or good practice? Theory into Practice, 44(3), 262–269.https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip4403_11
• van de Vijver, F., & Tanzer, N. K. (2004). Bias and equivalence in cross-cultural assessment: an overview. Revue Europeenne de Psychologie Appliquee [European Review of Applied Psychology], 54(2), 119–135.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erap.2003.12.004
• Weir, C. J. (2005). Limitations of the Common European Framework for developing comparable examinations and tests. Language Testing, 22(3), 281–300. https://doi.org/10.1191/0265532205lt309oa
• Wijaya-Mahardika, I. G. N. A. (2018). Incorporating local culture in English teaching material for undergraduate students. SHS Web of Conferences, 42, 00080. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20184200080
• Xiao, J. (2010). Cultural contents of an in-use EFL textbook and English Major Students’ attitudes and perceptions toward culture learning at Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, China. Unpublished master’s thesis, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand.
• Yeganeh, M. T., & Raeesi, H. (2015). Developing cultural awareness in EFL classrooms at secondary school level in an Iranian educational context. Procedia, Social and Behavioral Sciences, 192, 534–542.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.06.084
• Yesil, S., & Demiröz, H. (2017). An Exploration of English Language Teachers' Perceptions of Culture Teaching and Its Effects on Students' Motivation. International Journal of Progressive Education, 13(1), pp. 79-95.
• Yusniawati, N. L. P. I., & Lestari, Y. B. (2021). The potential of local culture in English language teaching (ELT): A response paper to domination of English material in ELT. Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Conference on Education and Social Science (ACCESS 2020). https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210525.098