The Role of User-Generated Content in Increasing Hate Speech State of the issue of Racism, Xenophobia and Minorities on Social Media
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Published:
Jun 16, 2022
Keywords:
User-Generated Content, Hate Speech, Racism, Xenophobia and Minorities, Social Media
Main Article Content
Abstract
Social media are rife with hate speech, although most major social media companies have their own policies regarding whether and what kinds of hate speech are permitted on their sites, the policies are often inconsistently applied and can be difficult for users to understand.
This paper will address the topic of hate speech as a key concept in social media today, in an effort to identify solutions for curtailing hate speech in social media especially with regard to racism, xenophobia and minorities.
Article Details
How to Cite
GHERABI , A., & BERARDI , N. (2022). The Role of User-Generated Content in Increasing Hate Speech. Social and Human Science Studies, 11(03), 865 - 881. https://doi.org/10.46315/1714-011-003-060
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References
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- Whine, M. (1999). Cyberspace A new medium for communication command and control by extremists. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 22(03), 231-245.
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- Wright, B. (2011).Computer-Mediated Communication in Personal Relationships. New York: Peter Lang.
- Yulia, A. (2003). Hate speech online: Restricted or Protected?. Journal of Transnational Law & Policy, 12(02), 43-59.
- Bleich, E. (2011). 2011.The Rise of Hate Speech and Hate Crime Laws in Liberal Democracies. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 37(03), 917-934.
- Boromisza, H. (2013). Speaking hatefully: Culture, communication, and political action in Hungary. University Park, PA: Penn State University Press.
- Burch, E. (2011). Censoring Hate Speech in Cyberspace: A New Debate in New America. 3 N. C. L.J. & TECH, 175(04) ,188- 211.
- Burnap, P. (2015). Cyber hate speech on twitter: an application of machine classi-fication and statistical modeling for policy and decision making. Policy and Internet, 07(01), 223-242.
- Burnap, P.(2016). Us and them: Identifying cyber hate on Twitter across multiple protected characteristics.EPJ Data Science, 05(01), 67- 89.
- Buyse, A. (2014). Words of Violence"Fear Speech," or How Violent Conflict Escalation Relates to the Freedom of Expression. Human Rights Quarterly, 36(04), 779-797.
- Buyse, A. (2014). Words of violence: “Fear speech,” or how violent conflict escalation relates to the freedom of expression. Human Rights Quarterly, 36(04), 779-797.
- Campbell, E. (2003). Attitudes of Botswana Citizens toward Immigrants: Signs of Xenophobia, Oxford: Blackwell’s.
- Cole, J. (2009). Martyrdom: Radicalisation and Terrorist Violence Among British Muslims. London: Pennant Books.
- Djuric, N. (2015). Hate speech detection with comment embeddings’’. inProc. WWW Companion, 01(03), 29-49.
- Erjavec, K.(2012). You don't understand, this is a new war!": Analysis of hate speech in news web sites' comments. Mass Communication & Society, 15(04), 899-920.
- Gerstenfeld, P. (2003). Hate online: A content analysis of extremist Internet sites. New Media & Society, 03(01), 29-44.
- Gillespie, T. (2010).The politics of “platforms.New Media & Society, 12(03), 347-364.
- Gleason, P.(1991). Minorities (almost) all: The minority concept in American social thought. American Quarterly, 43(02), 392-424.
- Grosfoguel, R.(2011).Decolonizing post-colonial studies and paradigms of political-economy: Transmodernity, decolonial thinking and global coloniality. Transmodernity. Journal of Peripheral Cultural Production of the Luso-Hispanic World, 01(01), 1-38.
- Holt, K . (2015). Random acts of journalism?”How citizen journalists tell the news in Sweden".New Media & Society, 17(02), 1795-1810.
- Hopkins, N.(2006).Minority group members ‘theories of intergroup contact: A case study of British Muslims’ conceptualisations of ‘Islamophobia’ and social change. The British Journal of Social Psychology, 45(03), 245-264.
- Kwok, Y.(2013) Locate the hate: Detecting tweets against blacks. inProc,AAAI, 13(03), 1621-1622.
- Mogekwu, M. (2005). African Union: Xenophobia as poor intercultural information. Ecquid Novi, 26(01), 05-20.
- Nakamura, L.(2014).I WILL DO EVERYthing that am asked: Scambaiting, digital show-space, and the racial violence of social media. Journal of Visual Culture, 13(03), 257-274.
- Nobata, J.(2016). Abusivelanguage detection in online user content. inProc. WWW, , 03(02), 145-153.
- Pariser, E. (2011). The filter bubble: What the Internet is hiding from you. New York, NY: Penguin
- Shepherd, T.(2015).Histories of hating.Social Media and Society, 01(02), 53-71.
- Shlapentokh, V. (2007).The Hatred of Others. The Kremlin’s Powerful but Risky Weapon. World Affairs, 169(03), 134-142.
- Sutton, G.(2013).High times for hate crimes: Explaining thetemporal clustering of hate-motivated offending.Criminology,51(04), 871-894.
- Vis, F. (2013).Twitter as a reporting tool for breaking news: Journalists tweeting the 2011 UK riots”.Digital Journalism, 01(01), 27-47.
- Waldron, J. (2012).The harm in hate speech. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
- Wermiel, S. (2018).The Ongoing Challenge to Define Free Speech. Human Rights Magazine, 43(04), 21-44.
- Whine, M. (1999). Cyberspace A new medium for communication command and control by extremists. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 22(03), 231-245.
- Williams, M.(2016).Cyber Hate on social media in the aftermath of Woolwich: A case study in computational criminology and big data. British Journal of Criminology, 56(02), 211-238.
- Wright, B. (2011).Computer-Mediated Communication in Personal Relationships. New York: Peter Lang.
- Yulia, A. (2003). Hate speech online: Restricted or Protected?. Journal of Transnational Law & Policy, 12(02), 43-59.